Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a Essay

Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment seek a cause for concern or solemnisation Explain your answer and disc - Essay ExampleThis advertise is a discussion about management research, about its techniques and applys mostly line uped by managerial researchers. The clinical here is to find the relationship between pluralism and management research, which is one philosophical approach adapted in most of the managerial researches. The aim is to test the argument that whether pluralism is a cause of concern or celebration in the practice of management research, as one effectively adapted approach in the practice. What is Management Research? Management research can be defined as a practice, which managers adapt to acquire friendship and information. This practice is to meet the requirements set by managers, which ar mostly of acquiring familiarity that is most needed in a particular organization (Brooks, 2002). It can be intellectual knowledge, knowledge related to managers skills, or knowledge to grow organizations equity, which managers generally acquire by mean of management research. Moreover, managers conduct management research to understand the internal functions, operations, and structure of a particular organization. ... philosophical Assumptions of Pluralism in Management Research According to the contemporary literature, pluralism is a philosophical school of thought that is cool of four different elements - diversity, perceptiveness, commitment and negotiation. These elements are basically philosophical assumptions of pluralism, which describes pluralism as a state of numerousness (Werner, 2002). Multiplicity of thoughts, of ideas, rationales, and decisions all come in the pluralist school of thought. Generally when managers adapt pluralism in management research, they are inevitably engaged with diversity and multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Accepting diversity as a culture in pluralism, managers have to be tolerant and have to show patience to go across the lines to build understanding in their relationships. Understanding and commitment are two essential features of pluralism, and are most challenging to managers as they test the leadership, the gratitude and personality qualities of managers during management research (Johnson & Duberley, 2000). Pluralism motivates managers on collective decision-making and for which managers have to bring a cross-integral dialogue with their peers to bring collective decisions. Collective opinions and views are of major importance in pluralism (Pettigrew, 2001). Encounter of commitments have to be shown by managers on their decisions, as strong commitment is one rule and a promise in pluralism. Actually, it is test of collective wisdom which pluralism sets out for all managers involved in a management research activity (Sheffield, 2009). At the initial level, all managers find pluralism a difficult approach to adopt in management research, but when fruits of

Why the Spanish Carribean was unable to maintain control over its own Essay

Why the Spanish Carribean was uneffective to cite control over its own Industries - Essay ExampleProduction continued to increase up to 1925 well production deteriorated thereafter because of a series of restrictive policies first on the Cuban government and then on the part of the United States aimed at reducing overproduction and restoring prices. The division of labor and the institution of major production and processing machinery meant that workers were separated from the means of production and subjected to industrial discipline. (Ayala, 50) The plantation systems created a capitalistic form which was dominated by the oligopolistic giant in the world scrawl market. The Spanish Caribbean was unable to maintain control over its industries because of the introduction of the most modern forms of economic organization which lead to the emergence of charter labor based on the softness of the labor to handle the new technology. This was coupled with the poorness and distinct ion and the lack of capital for investment. Further more than, the development of the free labor market and the introduction of the latest technological advances in the sugar mills, and the fast-paced economic integration to the US economy were the major causes of the persistence in poverty and underdevelopment. (Langley, 271-5) The entrance of the US in the market caused a massive ripple in the industry because of the US had the latest technology and trained workers to handle the production process. The US easily captured and dominated the market because of the inability of the Spanish Caribbean to contain the massive raw material production due to lack of sophisticated industries and technologies that were have by the US. Furthermore the US had the capital required to invest and run the backup effectively which was wanting(p) in the Spanish Caribbean. Innovative technologies and increase in the scale of production radically transformed the business of sugar production. The idea of undercoat concentration also created a scenario in which a few land owners acquired most of the land resulting in the majority of the population being landless and also the immigration of more workers for the sugar industry without any changes in the land tenure further aggravated the landlessness situation in the areas and local class relations were transformed and the workforce proletarian by huge-scale investments in sugar centrals. (Langhorn, 10) The large landowners received economic compensation, but workers were simply expelled from the land and their houses were demolished. The eviction of the agricultural workers disregarded handed-down usufruct rights over parcels of land, which provided glide slope to means of subsistence above the monetary wages of the workers. The destruction of garden plots and closure of access to fruit trees implied, over the long term, impoverishment for these rural workers. Some of the sugar plantations were converted to military bases by t he US due to its ability to acquire the land from the large land owners with only a few transactions. (Langhorn, 10) The sugar companies often purchased already existing mills which were small in size and hence unable to handle the large quantity of the raw materials produced this gave the US an upper hand in the industry since it had large size mills that were able to handle a large quantity of the raw materials and the vertical ownership structure extending across the border to the north subdued local interests or prevented them from surfacing. Further, the increase in battle in other sectors such as construction and other sectors promoted by military contracts during the Second public War to the decline of employment in the sugar industry. In addition the new jobs paid emend wages this therefore transformed the economy from an agrarian economy to one dependent on the US Navy also

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Commercial fairness - Essay ExampleWhenever there is a bridge in the contract, the law provides a remedy for the restoration or monetary compensation.Section 14 of the Sales of Good Act 1979 of the UK governs the formation of commercial contracts involving the acquire and selling of goods. The act deals with implied terms and presumptions which reflect commercial expectations in the formed contract. It also outlines few domineering legal rules to be followed in the formation of commercial contracts. Section 14 of the Act specifies the terms of adapted quality of goods and the fitness for purpose of goods under sale. According to the section the seller is obligated to offer goods that are fit for the purpose for which they are being sold especially so if the buyer will passably depend on the sellers expertise.According to Austen-Baker (a 125) an offer is do by one companionship called the offerer. Through the offer, they express their willingness to be bound to the other par ty. This merchantman be expressed by the offeror through direct conduct, writing or orally. This is accepted by the other party called the offeree. It is only until the offeree communicates an espousal to the offeror that the contract can become valid. This can be by action, writing or orally. Offers made orally give room for negotiations from the offeree. Alterations can be made or counter offers suitable to the offeree can be given after which a solid binding agreement is made.Atiyah (155) explains that the acceptance must reason an agreement by the offeree to the terms used in the offer. This means there is already concurrence of wills amongst the two or more parties. It is better if the acceptance is put into a written form as future evidence against any breaches. This is because existence of agreement in the minds alone cannot be used by courts as evidence incase of breach of contract. The contract will be considered valid when writing, registration and signing has been co mpleted by

Triangle Fire Reflection Occupational Health and Safety as a Community Movie Review

Triangle Fire Reflection occupational Health and Safety as a Community Health Issue - Movie Review good exampleThe conditions at work were still worse such as absence of safety precautions, few ventilating system mechanisms lack of onrush drills, and poor elan get offs i.e. locked doors.The triangle raise broke out probably as a result of a mishandled lit cigarette or tossed match which led to an outbreak of send packing on the buildings eight tale. Huge flames of fire lit up and spread rapidly throughout the building. The factorys poor conditions of the floor greatly influenced the start of the fire. The top management police squad were immediately notified of the accident and quickly escaped. However, the situation was unknown till late for workers on the ninth floor who continued their work until they saw fumes of smoke.This caused panic some run to the stairwell only to be bar by intensifying flames. Some few were able to use the elevator and others crowded the little fire escape which unfortunately crumbled due to the excessive weight crushing almost 100ft to the ground. Unfortunately the remaining exit was a locked door whose key was carried by a foreman who did nothing to help the situation. Some of the workers resulted in jumping through the windows of the now fully fire encroached building. The fire outbreak led to the loss of the lives of 146 workers.The fire department also is to blame for the loss of life. The response to the fire outbreak was slow and ineffective. Proper strategies were not in place to save lives since some people resulted in jumping through the windows. The department failed ab initio to ascertain that the factory had adhered to safety standards.The triangle fire served as an important benchmark for future laws regarding fire safety standards. It influenced immensely on the formulation of safety laws across the states regarding safety in the workplace. The tradition slackness of the employees safety in the workplace b y the

Land Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land truth - Case Study ExampleIf it is not registered (as some purchases before that date will not be), the reasoned owners will be listed on the document called the conveyance, which passes the holding from one owner to an early(a) (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008).However, the factual value of the property lies in the second type of ownership, i.e. equitable or skillful ownership as this ownership ensures the right to the right to live in and use the property, and the right to share in the increase of any sale. Also, the equitable owner also can control a legal owner and locate on the sale of the property. As an immediate result of this factor, the buyer of the property will suffer a lot generally because it is normally difficult for the buyer to realise the existence of an equitable owner form the common searches of the land or enquiries of the seller. As a result, the buyer will be bound to allow the near owner after the business is over. (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008).It is also necessary that in the case of the legal and the beneficial owners of a property are different in that location arises a situation called trust, an arrangement formulated by a deed or written agreement.In the present case given for discussion, the two babys Jennifer and her sister Clarissa conveyed the property as beneficial articulatio tenants. Thus, it is pertinent to have an idea of how such a property can be held in beneficial fit tenants which is one of the two ways of joint property, the other being the beneficial tenants in common. In the case of beneficial joint tenants, the joint owners are equally entitled to the property by which both share the rights to honor the benefits of the property together. Thus, the two sisters enjoy the unregistered country cottage property in Maple Leaf jointly. And, as it is evident, they do not enjoy carve up shares but own the whole thing in common to each other and neither Jennifer nor Clarissa could enjoy separate sh are which each could sell or leave in a will. As it is conk in the case, Jennifer applies for the permission for the sale of her property, but immediately breaths her last. At her death, her act for the sale of property cannot comply as in the case where one person dies then the survivor becomes the owner of the whole property. This happens mechanically without any further formality (Joint Ownership - the methods). Also, let this be clear that Jennifers case, at her death, in application for the sale of property cannot succeed as the law entails the person left the absolute ownership of the property. If there is only one joint tenant left, he or she becomes outright owner of the property. Because no joint owner has a defined share, their interest in the property does not become part of their landed estate when they die, but simply disappears (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008). However, we need to consider whether the particular case of Jennifer would succeed at the measure of her application for sale of the property. The specifications of the case are that the property was an unregistered one conveyed to the sisters as beneficial joint tenants the share of Jennifer in the deal was 160,000 of the total 280,000 and the children of Clarissa had Attention Hyperactivity Deficit

Contemporary isssues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary isssues in selling - Essay Exampleand paper will discuss and cerebrate on the notion of marketing in the contemporary, what the irreducible minimums are and how ethics borders on the subject of interest-marketing.Marketing as a concept has undergone a series of revisions, dynamism and evolution over the years, shifting from the inherent conventional meaning of selling advanceds and function. There have been changes relative to managerial focus, institutional focus, social aspect, trade good aspect and institutional focus or aspect. To begin with, the social aspect of marketing is concerned with the property and the innate parts of the product or services (Murphy, 2010). This is to mention that a product, good or services is presented to the market due to its worth and value. Secondly, commodity aspect touches on the good or service itself and its profit in the human society and life (Maina, 2013). A practical case and instance is a make good, finished product say a farm product such as diary which has undergone value addition. Institutional aspect in marketing seems to deal with the dealership concept from the wholesalers to the retailers and agent. Irreducibly, it would focus on how to captivate and appeal to their natural and business instincts.Over the years, the changes, advancements, modifications and improvements in the field of technology has seen a corresponding change in the notion of marketing. In the past, business relied or word of mouth marketing, mailed brochures, radio and boob tube advertisements and later is the internet marketing (Pride & Ferrell, 2011). Verbal marketing required field agents to be deployed to spread the good word and message of marketing. Secondly, the customers to a fault shared the message with others and the brand name spread. Internet marketing has also been boosted by the expansion of the social media space where users can view products online and firms spend less for the marketing process. This product line and logic presents the chronological moves and evolution

S facebook a good or bad example of participatory culture Explain by Essay

S facebook a dear(p) or bad example of participatory culture Explain by connecting these ideas to your confess arguments- develop and justify your own view ( write both good and bad points) - Essay ExampleIn simpler terms, it is substantially accessible. This interpretation brings about what is termed as participatory media. Participatory media encompasses virtual communities, video blogs just to name but a few. In this paper, one type of a participatory culture or media which is a part of loving network services shall be scrutinized. Its good and bad sides as a participatory culture willing be examined. The participatory culture to be looked at is Facebook (Delwiche, 2013)What makes a thing to be regarded as good? Something is regarded as good if it falls into the morally accepted or the generally accepted ideas in a society. Since its development, Facebook has been a hit in the participatory media world. It has withstood the test of time and competition. What has made Faceboo k a giant as a participatory culture is its good. Jenkins note that good participatory cultures are regarded good as they value virtually low hindrances to artistic materialization and well-mannered engagement. Facebook is a good participatory culture as it provides a platform where artistic expression and civil engagement are easily expressed to a large number of people. It does this through its rather simple user interface whereby people can easily understand how it is controlled. Also, Facebook has a sharing option (Jenkins, 2013).The advantage of such an option is that people on the social networking site can easily share it with other persons. It is through this sharing that artistic expression and civil engagements are easily expressed to a large group of people. Facebook also allows one person to pretend as many friends as possible provided they know each other through friends as such. This lack of limitation as to the number of friends one can have on Facebook allows f or easier expression of artistic expression and civil engagements. Facebook is also a good participatory culture in cases where its members believe their contributions matter. This is quite full-strength for Facebook users as

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 83

Essay ExampleKnowledge of organizational behavior empowers managers to understand employees emotions as salutary as reasons for employees behaviors for appropriate managerial decisions and practices that can control the behaviors and attitudes to achieve positive results. The knowledge can for example help a manager to understand reasons for employees rebellion towards development of a forum for identifying root slip of the problem for reconciliation. The knowledge of organizational behavior also facilitates understanding among employees by promoting tolerance to cultural and behavioral diversity. This is because it explains existence of such(prenominal) diversities and offers approaches for avoiding and managing diversity based conflicts. Employees understanding of an organizations constructs also aligns their personal value and behavior to the organizations policies, values, and expectations. Employees of an organization with established ethical values, for instance, adhere to the stipulated standards. Similarly, understanding an organizations fundamental values and objectives identifies the organizations appropriate structure for achieving the values and objective. An organization with diversified objectives such as provision of specialized but differentiated products would for example require a structure with disputation managers (Phillips and Gully 6).Knowledge of organizational behavior in an organization therefore aligns management practices, employees relations, and organizations structures to the organizations surroundings and

Can we consider Russian democracy imperfect Essay

Can we consider Russian country im complete(a) - Essay ExamplePolitical stability is strongly associated with the strength of state in a country. Politically non stable countries cannot be considered as strong democracies since policy-making stability is one of the measuring units which pay back the success of democracy in a country. Long standing democracies always will exact political stability. In former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchills opinion, No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time (Democracy, 2004)In a democratic country, judiciary, executive and parliament are considered as the essential entities apart from a well defined constitution. The democracy will be strengthened in a country when these three forms of democracy combine well and function together in symmetry with the constitution. The judiciary must be free from any prejudices and bias and they should never keep any political intentions. The success of democracy remains in avoiding the clash between the judiciary and parliament. Both bodies should have shared respect and should function for the growth of the country rather than political or individual gains. governing body and democracy are interrelated. Without having a well defined constitution democracy may not be strengthened. Constitution is an instruction book which provides orders to the government and the public regarding the functioning of political, social, economical, cultural, and secular aspects. It defines what is legal and what is illegal in a country. It establishes the relationships between the government and the public with respect to the rules and regulations of a democratic country by which the government and the citizens should function.Until the archean twentieth century Russians had very

What do you see as advantages & disadvantages of being native a Essay

What do you see as advantages & disadvantages of being inhering a speaker and a non-native speaker - Essay Example inseparable speakers of a language enjoy numerous advantages over their non-native counterparts who, subsequently, father a range of disadvantages due to social exclusion, lack of any intense or ongoing semantic familiarity and the burden of social or ethnic otherness that finds itself replicated in language systems. Advantages also exist for non-native speakers however, as the concept of English as a global language creates a simplified, secondary stream of English language communication. Native and non-native speakers therefore enjoy both positive and negative flow on effects from their degree of expertise or familiarity - and these effects vary as global language systems evolve. As the use of English spreads throughout the world and the concept of a global english becomes more viable - a clear delineation emerges between native and non-native speakers of the promot ed dominant language. There is a clear linguistic stratification within groups who are speakers of a certain language. Even within groups of native speakers there are cultural, socio-economic and micro-social dialectic particulars creating sub-categories of communication that produce exclusivity within pull down smaller groups.

Managing and Leading change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing and Leading change - Essay ExampleChanges in an organization may take to the woods to development of new rules and methods of working. In order to implement change within an organization, managers may be call for to impart training so that employees can easily adapt with the factors of the external environment. Managing change is highly magisterial process and requires specific on behalf of the management and the employees (Jones, 2010).Business environment is highly fast paced and for long destination survival it becomes necessary that organizations adhere to changes. Technology is one of the strongest aspects that have induced changes in the way organizations operate. technological innovations have caused organizations to utilize resource in new and innovate ways (Pettigrew, Woodman and Cameron, 2001). Adapting to technological changes increases faculty as well as provides scope for the management to operate in new ways. Organizations are as well required to change when the requirements of customers change (Fernandez and Rainey, 2006). Evolution induces changes in the needs of consumers. Changes in consumer needs create collect for new products and services. Organizations are required to perceive such developments and change so as to be subject to meet the newly created demand (Tsoukas and Chia, 2002).The current case study aims to understand the issues which Capitol honorary society is faced with in respect of change management. In order to increase operational efficiency and earn more revenue, Capitol Academy had adopted certain changes. However, due to lack of planning and inadequate resource allocation, the companys operations were turned upside down causing a number of management issues. The organization was also discovered to concentrate more upon the development of its professional programs, ignoring other departments where change management was not implemented properly. The mismanagement has also

Chapter 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Chapter 4 - Essay exercisingSecond class contains functional fibers which include isolated or extracted non-digestible carbohydrates. Fibers are important as they shine the chances of intestinal disorders. Various functional fibers such as gums and pectin cause development of gums in the stomach which check down the transmission of fare. Fibers are also cognize to control blood cholesterol levels, because soluble fibers concord to cholesterol from food objects and reduce its absorption. Fiber intake can be helpful in trim back intestinal disorders and hence the daily recommended dosage which is 25-38 grams should be made common.Knowledge regarding dietary fibers should be integrated into careers. I, being related to the medical field put my knowledge of fibers into practice. Dietary fiber if taken in the right dosage can be a factor for prevention of intestinal and other disorders. 1 of the most common symptoms a patient present with is constipation. The best solution to re lieve constipation is the purpose of fiber in diets. Patients can be counseled that there are no cons to the usage of fibers. Patients should also be told that the daily recommended dosage of fibers in the diet. Patients visiting the doctor should also be educated on which food items contain how much percentage of fibers.The significance of dietary fiber and its need in the diet is known by many people but there are still many confusions amongst them. The misunderstood affaire is that fibers are present in plants that we eat but it needs to be known these parts of plants are not digested in our body and are rather left undigested. Dietary fibers have their pros and cons. These can be misleading and a thorough understanding is necessary. Various fibers such as gums and pectin are harmful as they provoke formation of gum like material in the intestine which hinders the transport of food materials resulting in low glycemic action of food items. Different fibers have different functio ns in the human body

CRIME PREVENTION IN AMERICA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CRIME PREVENTION IN AMERICA - Essay typesetters caseThe rate of daily crimes shows that a person living in America cannot sure if he leave alone live the next moment. In America, the crime clock continues to click one murder all 22 minutes, one rape every 5 minutes, one robbery every 49 seconds, and one burglary every 10 seconds. (Anderson, 2009).The gravity of the situation has forced the government to make maximum efforts in the direction of exacting crimes of all kinds in the country. Various crime prevention programs are undertaken at federal, state and local levels. at that place are programs aiming every section of the people, implemented at each of these levels depending upon their importance and seriousness. It is found that many of these crimes impact teenagers or generally the youth. Juvenile crimes are a nightmare to the Americans. School violence and under-age drinking asterisk to fights and murders, suicides, rapes, gun violence and so on. It is found that under-a ge binge drinking is more among teenagers below the age of 21 than adults. Drug abuse is another major issue regarding the youth in America. Students are frequently seen carrying guns to schools. A major reason for this situation is the extreme exposure to television, computer games and internet. It was found that girls did more crimes than boys. To add on to it, juvenile justness system showed no mercy to these children. In 1970s the statistics of juvenile crimes rose terribly, devising it very important for the government to control juvenile crimes and giving better juvenile justice to them, in order to reduce the crimes in America. For this purpose, the federal government introduced a new act, called the Juvenile Justice and depravity Prevention Act in the year 1974. The major aims were to prevent juvenile wrongdoings, improve the juvenile justice system in order to protect them.This act was reauthorized in 2008, to be called the Juvenile Justice and depravity Prevention Reau thorization

Diamond Producing in South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

rhomb Producing in atomic number 16 Africa - Essay ExampleThe UK-based company owns stakes in leading global producers of specie (42%, AngloGold Ashanti), platinum (75%, Anglo Platinum), and diamonds (45%, De Beers Consolidated). In addition, Anglo American has interests in paper and packaging goods (more than 20% of sales), ferrous and base metals, and industrial minerals. It also is one of the worlds largest independent coal miners. The company controls assets around the world. Descendants of the founding Oppenheimer family no continuing control Anglo American, although Nicky Oppenheimer, who chairs De Beers, sits on the companys board.How western democracies have supplied arms, created a state of lawlessness, and taken advantage of the escalating confusion to pinch away more mines. When tension is high massive looting is coordinated at extremely sightly rates.Increased beneficiation or downstream value added by the diamond industry has become an important discern for the So uth African government in recent years Though diamonds are beneficial thither are also shortcomings of the trade.The United States is heavily dependent upon South Africa for key minerals including chrome, manganese, vanadium and platinum. Though two decades old, the following /New York Times/ report highlights not only U.S. dependence on South African strategic minerals, but its vulnerability to any future Russian-South African blockade. Written at the time of sanctions against South Africa in the apartheid era, the5. Regulatory issuesA new Diamond Act became effective in 2000. The Act provides for the initiation of a Diamond Board and spells out its objectives, powers, duties and functions. The Act also provides for control measures in respect of the possession, bribe and sale, as well as the processing and the import and export of diamonds. 6. Security issuesThe trade in adulterous and conflict diamonds in South Africa is a complex issue. There is emerging evidence, however, t hat there is an extensive illegitimate trade in domestic rough diamonds, and in conflict diamonds. This same type of trade has take into wars in diamond producing countries

Developing and Presenting a Strategic Plan Research Paper

Developing and Presenting a Strategic Plan - Research Paper Example? time, the company has kaput(p) through rapid growth and it became a powerhouse with classly dry landwide production facility of 117 jillion square meters of ceramic and porcelain tiles (RAK, 2015). In addition to this, production capacity for sanitary ware is 4.6 million and the annual turnover is of US$ 1 billion. The company is a true global leader and a decorate in the manufacturing industry of entire Middle East (Superbrands, 2014). It received the Super brands awards for the sixth consecutive year which shows how well it is performing in the ceramic lifestyle category.2. Gres Procellanato RAK Ceramics produces numerous glazed and unglazed porcelain having different types of conclusion touches. For example, polished, stones, mosaic, rustic etc. These are ideal for both homes and offices.RAK Ceramics began its legacy with a mass to meet world standards for good quality. Over the period of twenty years, th e company has further built on its vision and aims to be an innovative leader in the ceramics category (RAK, 2015). The mission of the company is to responsibly and knowledgeably deliver eight issue values. These areMahmood (2012) suggested that the company was able to maintain its position as the number one position ceramic producer of the world for two consecutive years. This shows how well the management is working in line with the vision and mission. RAK Ceramics aims to reach the highest heights in the field of ceramics by producing hi-tech lifestyle solutions. The company wants to be the nearly preferred option around the world for tiles and ceramics. The company believes that excellence is well embedded into the system and it strives to fulfill excellence in technology. In addition, the company refers to excellence in technology as the Organizational desoxyribonucleic acid with which it envisions to achieve the hallmark of success (Annual Report, 2010).The internal analysi s of a company includes the companys strengths and weaknesses. This section would closely

HEALTH CARE QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

wellness CARE QUESTIONS - Essay ExampleSocial marketing seeks to influence social behaviors not to benefit the marketer, scarcely to benefit the target audience and the general society. (Kotler & Andreasen as quoted by Weinreich, 2006, par. 2). In every marketing beseech, the intimately important sources of data to examine be the elements of the marketing mix product, price, promotion, and place. For social marketing campaigns, the following elements be added universal, partnership, polity and purse strings (Weinreich, 2006, pars. 4 11).Under health care, a social marketing campaign considers any of the wide range of products offered by health care institutions. Physical products come in the material body of medicines, prosthetics, and other tangible health products. Health care also offers services ranging from diagnostic, laboratory, therapeutic examinations. Other products are likewise enumerated practices (e.g., breastfeeding, ORT or eating a heart-healthy diet) and fin ally, more intangible ideas (e.g., environmental protection) (Weinreich, 2006, par. 4).The price is the bell for designing and implementing the social marketing campaigns. The place is the target market for the campaign. The promotion consists of the integrated use of advertising, public relations, promotions, media advocacy, personal selling and entertainment vehicles. The focus is on creating and sustaining demand for the product (Weinreich, 2006, par. 6).The other critical sources of data for the campaign are publics (internal and external groups directly involved in the campaign) partnerships (affiliated organizations that team up to organize the campaign) policy (governing rules supporting the social marketing program) and purse strings (funds provided by sources such as foundations, political grants or donations (Weinreich, 2006, par. 11)).Coye, Foege, & Roper (1994) identified leadership traits required in public health to ensure the maturement of health objectives in ones community, to wit the

Music and no music condition Essay Example for Free

Music and no harmony condition EssayThe practice session of music seems to be a good way of operationalising the IV as many people do learn to the sound of music so on that pointfore the remainder between the music and no music condition should be marked. Also, getting the participants to write down the words is a good way of measuring stick the DV as it means it is easy to collect and analyse the data.The debate itself was instead simple and it seemed to measure what do music has on t all(prenominal)ing. The independent variable was manipulated in such a way that it was hard for on that point to be anyway the results could withdraw been affected significantly. Also because the measurement method was very simple there isnt a chance that the results could be interpreted in the wrong way.As the memorise was a laboratory experiment it doesnt own as high validity as a field experiment. Although the participants were not in a strange environment, the fact that they kne w they were being studied may lower the ecological validity of the study. in the lead on from the fact that the study might have bad ecological validity, there is also the fuss of the study having bad participant reactivity. Seeing as they have they are being studied and they know they have to learn the list of words given to them, they may try much harder than they norm all toldy would in their everyday life. There is the factor of social desirability and how some participants may deliberately try to draw back fewer words.Improving ValidityAlthough it would be very difficult and expensive it could be possible to call for the study outside the laboratory to increase the ecological validity of the study. You could monitor the participants while they are learning for something at home and while they are playing their own music in their rooms. They could then be tested unknowingly at school by one of their reachers.However, even if these counterchanges were made, the results woul d probably still substantiation the same. It has been proved before by numerous studies done by different scientists that music does help when attempt to learn. This is why students are encouraged to listen to wordless music when revising for exams.These changes would also help advance participant reactivity if they are studied in a familiar environment. It would give them a superstar of security and the need to look cool is not needed anymore and there is no special pressure put on them to learn because they dont have the feeling they are being examined.So, these changes could actually change the results slightly if only with a few participants. It might be found that there is higher forswear in both conditions though but the difference may still stay the same.ReliabilityThe study is very easy to replicate as there is many references to other studies similar to it. Also because the study is quite simple in itself and very cheap to do there are very seldom any problems in recr eating it for different purposes.One possible confounding variable was introduced by the fact that there were four researchers in the room at the time of the study and they all knew the hypotheses. They may have tried give the participants help in recalling the words by giving hints and clues so that the results were more conclusive. This may have led to unreliable comparisons between conditions.As the study was a laboratory experiment it meant the researchers had good get word over the study. The words that were chosen were all unambiguous so the participants would not have interpreted them in different ways. Also the test had been severely standardised. The words were shown on an over head projector so they were all looking at the same thing when learning was taking place. Also the testing was completed in the same room and at the same time of day for each condition so the participants were not feeling more tired in one condition than the other.Improving reliabilityThe only poss ible way to improve reliability was to keep researcher contact to a minimum or have a psyche in the room that was unaware of the hypothesis so they couldnt alter the study in any way. This would be difficult though because once they are in the room it does become quite obvious what the study is about.This could be controlled for by using an outside civilian to be the one person giving the participants instructions on what they have to do. There could be one person chosen for each condition so that they dont guess what the study is about.Even if these changes did increase the reliability of the study the only difference they might make to the results is to decrease the differences found between the two conditions.

Specific airline Essay Example for Free

Specific air duct studyEvalute why the deplorable cost carrier are so achievementful? Use specific air hose industry examples to illustrate yor answers. low cost carriers are discount carriers which offer low transport fares for passenger values. Until the emergence of deregulation of the airline sector, the success of this type of airline was restricted to the United States. however, this particular moneymaking concept of airline traffic now holds sway in Europe, Asia, America and other parts of the world. this tye of business is run on low cost it similarly offers affordable low cost ticket prices. hapless cost carriers in the airline industry have contributed a great deal to improved service delivery at convenient and expurgated prices in the industry. this type of airline carriers can be localtransporting at bottom a defined region or country or transnational operates beyond national boundaries. their tickets are affordable by all. They also offer a variety of l ow cost services on the monotonic because of the nature of their services, they intrinsincaly attract the middle and low income earners who form a major bulk of the population.It is important to recite that the pricing mechanism also differs in terms of discounts and exacts fares among this type of carriers. Apart from these pricing and operating mechanisms, nearly may adopt a simplified route mechanism to less-congested and more satisfying locations with perceived higher(prenominal) patronage others could opt for simplified luggage, employee or fueling mechanism. the goal in each case is to reduce cost of service and offer good but affordable services. The success of this type of industry is here illustrated by the Southwest airlines, based in United States.It has been in existsnce in 1973, and has since enjoyed effective customer patronage, salaried returns and comfortable service. Other cariers include easy-jetUK, RyanairIRELAND and Virgin blueAUSTRALIA. The Southwest airlin e is one of the largest low-cost carriers in the world, and is acclaimed the largest low income carrier in the United states based in Dallas Texas. One of the most important mechanisms that have contributed to the success of this ariline is its unique ability to hedge fuel prices through profit-motivated trading in energy prices based on speculations about fuel prices.The aim is to reduce the expenditure while maintaining quality supply from reputable suppliers. It has also developed mechanism which encourage fuel efficiency particularly the jet engine pressure washer. It locomote slightly over 60 destinations in the United States although it has plans to expand its target locations. Its corporate culture includes flexibility, which allows passenges revision their seat reservations without charges. it also operates a unique passenger allocation to boarding groups which makes it faster to board the plane.The consequence of this is that is offers great customer services which makes it rank among one of the best customer service providers in the airline industry its welcome announcements and songs are warm, the in-flight service of meals and package of luggage have earned the airline a place in the heart of most passengers. their flexibility in pricing constitutes a risk to full-service airlines as a result, they enjoy better patronage because thier services are cheaper. Beyond these, it also has excellent environmental protection records with respect to waste disposal.

Accreditation and Private Prisons Essay Example for Free

Accreditation and Private Prisons assayAccording to the American Correctional Association website, accreditation can be define as a constitution of verification that correctional agencies/facilities comply with national standards promulgated by the American Correctional Association (Standards Accreditation, n. d.). In order to achieve accreditation, it must go through reviews, appraisals, analysis, and hearings first.For a correctional agency to be authentic for accreditation, they at least must have one of the following pretrial or presented adult or juveniles convicted adults or juveniles adjudicated delinquent and/or adult or juvenile offenders sentenced to community supervision (Standards Accreditation, n.d.). There are many advantages and benefits of accreditation. The benefits have chargen assessments of facilities strength and weaknesses, shown goals obtained, implantation of policies and procedures, established specific guidelines for everyday procedure, aid in the refutal of frivolous lawsuits, and increase of community support and a higher level of provide professionalism and morale (Standards Accreditation, n.d.). take on more Strategic Management Process EssayAt ACA, they believe accreditation can enhance staff and development training. While though accreditation, there will be transcribe policies and agendas to help designate a training and staff development. The program will be for all levels of personnel. Employees experiences will automatically grow throughout all the training related to their job-related sentiments. They will receive current job-related training in relation to position requirements, new theories, current correctional issues, techniques and technologies. With the professional trainings, correctional officers will work toward compliance with standards which represent a professional practice. After all their hard work through the training, they will take pride in their professionalism.Through the ACA and the accredi tation process, corrections has become more respected as a profession. They apply evidence-based practices which provide safe, secure, and tender conditions of confinement for over the millions of prisoners confined in this country. There are many valuable insights the Association provides closely criminal justice and correctional policies to legislatures and government officials (Hamden, 2006-2013).Privatization are private sector prison used to confuse prisoners. It is one of the solution used to solve the overcrowding of prisoners. With private prisons, it can help reduce the cost of incarcerating prisoners in an overcrowding prison (Joel, 2013). During the past couple of decades, prison population has increase. To solve this problem, it would require higher taxes on the plenty to build more prisons. The people responded by refusing to pay higher taxes to the government to build more prisons. otiose to solve the overcrowding of prison, a solution occurred to build private p risons to decrease overcrowding prisons.During the mid-1980s, private business interests saw the overcrowding prison as a profit and a way to expand their businesses. department of corrections Corporation of America, the first moderne private business was the first to emerge and established itself in 1984. The consume for the facility in Hamilton County, Tennessee was awarded to Corrections Corporation of America (CCA). It was the first time any government in the country to ever contract the entire jail operation to a private operator (Smith, 1996-2013).Privatization of prisons is thought to be more efficient and more efficient than macrocosm prisons (Smith, 1996-2013). Through some research to doubt on these claims, evidence show private prisons did not live up to its expectations. Research showed private prisons were no different from public prisons.In private prisons, lower staff and training may likely increase incidents of violence and escapes. With a comprehensive study c onducted, assaults on prison guards by inmates occur more frequently than in government-run prisons (Smith, 1996-2013). The study also show inmates assaulting other inmates occurred more often in private prisons.Concerning private vs. public prisons, there is no comparison between the two. Private prisons does not exactly help reduce the cost in public prisons. With few staffing and increase of proper training, it is likely to have more problems in private prisons than public prisons.

Define Motivation, Explain How the Expectancy Theory Works Essay Example for Free

Define Motivation, Explain How the hope Theory Works judgeTEMPLATE FOR SUMMARISING AND EVALUATING ARTICLES FROM SCHOLARLY JOURNALS Title and Article Reference Robert G. Isaac, Wilfred J. Zerbe and Douglas C. Pitt(Summer 2001) Leadership And Motivation The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory, Journal of Managerial Issues , Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 212-226 Aim / Purpose of article In this article, we discuss the application of a motivational model that provides a practical tool for individuals wishing to assume leaders roles. This model, namely apprehension theory (Vroom, 1964 Porter and Lawler, 1968), suggests that individuals, acting through self-interest, adopt courses of action perceived as maximizing the fortune of desirable outcomes for themselves. This desire to maximize self-interest provides aspiring leaders with unique opportunities to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting both follower needs and organizational requirements Sample, location, method of da ta collection and digest Article was only theoretical. No empirical evidence offered Findings/Interpretations reported in the article Leadership is expectant work because it means stepping forward and taking the time to motivate each follower on a personal basis, according to the principles of the model of expectancy theory. Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your some other articles and your topic This article also contains solid information which outlines that the expectancy theory is used by leadership to motivate their employees by meeting their expectation which then inspires them to perform their task highly. Strengths of the article healthy researched with strong background in the exploration prior of research Weaknesses of the article No weakness indicated as the expectancy theory has proven to be vital for leadership and management.Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment V. H. Vroom (1964) suggested that people consciously ch oose particular courses of action, based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs, as a outgrowth of their desires to enhance pleasure and avoid pain. (Leadership And Motivation The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory) Summer 2001 p 214 Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment In essence, the model suggests that the individual feels motivated when tercet conditions are perceived1. The personal expenditure of effort will result in an acceptable aim of performance. 2. The performance level achieved will result in a specific out-come for the person3.Theoutcome attained is personally valuedSummer 2001 p 215

Growth Strategy for Vincor Essay Example for Free

Growth Strategy for Vincor EssayVincor call for to align itself in the groceryplace such that it can continue to be a market place draw and grow internationally. The Canadian wine market is stagnant with limited egress opportunities in a some segments red, premium, varietal, and ice wines. Supply is always a big concern and government regulations for the sale of alcohol must(prenominal) be considered. As a result of the changing environment, unused prospects in the market and strategic growth in external markets (international) should be analyzed.Going forward, Vincors growth strategy needs to focus on markets where they can have substantial market penetration and be highly successful. The opportunities are as follows1) overdraw into international markets via acquisition and restructure the current debt to reduce interest embodys. Capitalize on the popular trade name name in the modern market to achieve significant foreign growth.2) Varied approach to cost reduction and focus on niches within Canada. Recover a portion of the emerging grey market by civiliseing new product packaging for the low-end wines (plastic or boxes).3) Build mutually beneficial partnerships with new glass bottle suppliers and develop a sales channel that provide induce economies of scale for the damage of bottles and extend margins or renegotiate with current suppliers to reduce costs and provide incentives by signing an exclusivity agreement.4) home in in on the ice wine consumers by meeting the demand. Exploit the Inniskillin brand in the Canadian premium wine market in order to gain market share.5) Develop a new product internationally through a partnership with a winery or vineyard by leveraging Vincors strong management group, international award status and proven sales line to sustain Vincors growth pattern.Expanding internationally through the acquisition of a company with strong stigmatization would prove the best alternative, both in terms of timing and future growth potential. Developing a partnership in order to produce new products would take years and considerable time and bowel movement before any gains would be realized. The varied approach would not produce enough growth to reassert an IPO, but many of these avenues will be addressed to reduce costs over the next several(prenominal) years.First six (6) to twelve (12) months Set up the police squad that will conduct an international market study to determine which market, and more specifically, brand to penetrate. The team will include1. Jones and a market taste team (utilize services of a consulting firm that specializes in foreign winery acquisitions)2. Jackson and his mergers and acquisition (MA) team3. Munroe for sales and marketing4. Investment banker The market insight team will gather the data and develop a sound understanding of the targeted wineries and knowledge of the regulations of the country Recommendations will be made to MA teamNext twelve (12) to eightee n (18) months Once a decision is reached, the investment banker and MA team will contact the companies, begin their due diligence process and conduct the final purchase The new winery will be integrated into Vincors portfolio and Munroe with his sales and marketing team will be trusty for its growthThe international acquisition will expand Vincor globally and provide for significant growth in its portfolio. At the same time, the desired Canadian relationships with suppliers will be cemented to reduce cost of sales and increase margins.

Focus on the learner Essay Example for Free

Focus on the scholarly person EssayA. Learners profileVirginia is a 29-year old native Spanish speaker born(p) in Madrid. She is currently studying a professional training course and works as an animal(prenominal) caretaker. She is genius of the A2 or Elementary proficiency level students of the Celta Teacher Training Program at external ho make mapping of Language School. She took part of the same program two years ago, but she didnt move on studying position afterwards.Virginia studied slope in primary and secondary work folloprofitsg a traditional instructing method, which used grammar as the starting allude and foundation, for the development of all language skills oral presentation, listening, writing, and reading, until now there was relatively short(p) focus on speaking and listening. As radicaled by Virginia, she was undefendable to explicit in puddleation virtually the social system of the language and to rules that she had to internalize through repeti tions and direct translation with little or no prospect of participating in activities that encourage meaningful communication. This situation hindered the development of her speaking skills, and made her fail in her attempts to attain the necessary fluency and confidence to successfully communicate in English during her trips abroad.Knowledge of grammar without meaningful practice of the language is ineffective, as Jim Scrivener says There is no point knowing a agglomerate about language if you cant use it (which sadly, has been the experience of many language learners in the past able to conjugate a verb, but unable to respond to a simple question) (Scrivener, 2005 146)As a result of the different frustrating situations she had to face when trying to make herself take in foreign countries, and due to her love for travelling, she developed an intrinsic motivation to study English. She have in minds English is a lingua franca that opens doors to other cultures, on the contrary, she doesnt have any extrinsic motivation as she doesnt need to speak English for any other purposes than socializing and travelling.She is a participative student who has never bewildered a class. Her favoriteactivities are the ones that foster speaking skills, especially role-plays or discussions in groups, because they give her the opportunity to interact with her classmates and communicate in echt time about real or similar to real life situations.Virginias learning style is visual a technique she uses in order to circuit haggling is ingesting the words in her head and she can better understand and remember explanations by writing them down or looking at pictures and diagramsShe claims that one of her strengths is her knowledge of grammar rules associated with verbs conjugation specifically the use of simple present and present continuous and adds that writing is the easiest among the four language skills, because writing tasks provide tolerable time to brainstorm and choo se the congeal language to express her ideas. Among her weaknesses she mentioned her lack of fluency, because she has not time to think on the grammar rules when she speaks, especially when talking about a past event, as she hardly ever knows whether the verb she wants to use is regular or irregular.B. Language problems and SolutionsAnalyzing Victorias output in class I could card that she has two evident language problems one of them is the use of simple past of irregular verbs, and the other one is the differentiation of the vowel sounds /a/ and //. I take care these problems in the grammar and orthoepy areas very raise to analyze, because two of them are very common in Spanish native speakers learning ESL, therefore, finding engaging and interesting activities to overcome them could be attend toful in similar cases in the future. Examples and solutions for the students language problems in the different areas are exposed belowGrammarVirginia struggles with using irregular v erbs in the pastIm learning to surf. I buyed a surfboard. Im loving it although Im not very good. The teacher who teach me English when I was a child was notstrict I lose the train this sunup (neither the correct word has been chosen in this case miss, however, I only focus on the verb)In order to help Virginia with her problem in this grammar area, I have decided to use the activities of the lesson Girls dark out unit 5, pages 56 and 57 of the Elementary students book New English File, Oxford University Press. The subject of the lesson revolves around a group of young female journalist for a notable womens magazine who are asked to go out for the evening with her girlfriends, and then write a report about their experiences. The topic is engaging, as it suits Virginias age, gender, interest (tackles some cultural matters of different countries) and is quite slopped to her cultural background, considering that Spaniards are very sociable and much of their life is lived in the str eets. The strong exposes the student to the structure through reading, listening and speaking activities.Virginia will have to deduce which are the past tense of a set of irregular verbs from the text in order to do exercise 3A. Grammar (look at the reports again and find the past tense of these irregular verbs), and then listen and practice the pronunciation of the verbs in exercise 3. B (listen and check, practice saying the verbs). She will also have the opportunity to fill in sentences with the correct form of the same irregular verbs in exercise 3C 1 and listen these verbs within a meaningful consideration in exercises 4 B and C (Listen to Silvia talking about their girls night out).In name of speaking, the student will have to use the simple past of irregular verbs in the exercise 5C (Think about the last time you went out with friends, look at the questions and plan your answers) Virginia will have plenty of opportunities to see and use the target language as in real life communication.1 This exercise intrust the student to the explanation on page 130 (5C) and to the exercise on page 131 (5C)PronunciationVirginia struggles with penetrating the /a/ and // sounds. I filled in a registration form for a diving school /dv/ The school has wifi /w f/The school has a library /lbrri/To help her to check the pronunciation of the vowel sounds /a/ and //. I have chosen the lesson Wine, win, unit 5 of the book English Pronunciation in use, Cambridge University press pages 30 and 31. in any event providing explanatory pictures of mouth modulation for a better pronunciation (Section A and B), it offers exercises that focus exclusively on the different pronunciation of minimal pairs, which usually confuse nonnative speakers, as Spanish does not differentiate between long and short vowels.Minimal pairs effectively facilitate pronunciation acquisition. When learners compare and contrast distinguishable sounds in the environment presented in minimal pairs, the imp ortance of these sounds in denoting word meaning is transferred to their mind naturally. visualize shows that pronunciation classes make students more conscious of their own pronunciation and aware of ways in which their pronunciation differs from the model offered (Rajadurai, 2001 14)Virginia will have to spot the /a/ sound among minimal pairs in exercise A and the // sound in exercise B. The student will also have to discriminate and identify the words that have the/a/ or the // vowel sounds in exercise 11.1. (Make words with these beginnings and endings and write them in the correct part of the table) and in the exercise 11.2 (Read the dialogue. Circle the sound /a/ and underline the//).Despite the fact that this material doesnt approach pronunciation within a context similar to real life, it offers a lot of practice opportunity, which in my opinion as a nonnative speaker of English is essential for the mind that Spanish phonological system is significantly different from that of English, particularly in the aspects of vowel sounds.ConclusionVirginias English lesson at school were focused on talking about the language rather than on talking in the language as a result, we can deduce that she was not exposed to befitting and useful input since these type of classes do not require that teachers be experts or even legato in thelanguage. However, her motivation, along with the use of relevant and meaningful materials as the ones presented in this essay can help her to improve her language skills and attain proficiency in English as a result.ReferencesHancock, M (2003) English Pronunciation in Use. Cambridge University Press. Oxenden, C, Latham-Koening, C and Seligson, P. New English File, Elementary Student (2007). Oxford University Press. Scrivener, J (2005) Learning Teaching, A guidebook for English Language Teachers. Second Edition. Macmillan Books for Teachers. Rajadurai, J. (2001). An investigation of the effectiveness of teaching pronunciation to Mala ysian TESL students MacMillan dictionary http//www.macmillandictionary.com/

Accounting and Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

Accounting and corporal G overnance EssayThe memo is to address the business relationship maneuver of Lehmans Repo cv (or 108) from perspectives of business relationship and incarnate governance. The memo will illustrate the role of repo transaction in Lehmans business model, analyze the account statement irregularities regarding repo by Lehman, observe auditors role in these irregularities, and discuss the corresponding account statement and corporate governance issues. In addition, the memo will provide recommendations on how to prevent monetary institutions from abusing regulatory deficiencies by emphasizing on the importance of accounting regulation, auditors role, and business ethics. See more Recruitment and selection process essayThe study goal of Lehmans Repo cv is to temporarily gain troubled securities from its balance sheet go presenting comfortable pecuniary statements to its investors, creditors, rating agencies, and the public. By temporarily removing th ese securities from its balance sheet, Lehman made its leverage ratio much smaller. With low leverage ratio, Lehman would keep its credit rating at high level and sayed its customers confidence.A repo, or sale and repurchase agreement, is an agreement in which one party transfers to an new(prenominal) party as verificatory for a short-term borrowing of cash, while simultaneously agreeing to repay the cash and take back the validating at a specific point in time (SFAS 140). An ordinary repo should be treated as a financing transaction and should be accounted for as a secured borrowing. An ordinary repo is a commonly-used form of secured bring between financial institutions. In fact, repo does not wealthy person real economic substance.However, by the Repo cv proceeding, Lehman did the same(p) in an ordinary repo, but because the assets value were cv percent or more of the cash received, accounting rules permitted the transactions to be treated as sales rather than financing. L ehman aggressively occupied Repo 105 transactions before compositioning periods at the end of 2007 and the first two lines of 2008. During the opusing periods, Repo transactions helped Lehman remove assets from balance sheet and use cash received to payback short-term loans. In addition, Lehman did not report any liabilities that reflected the obligation to repay the borrowed funds.After the reporting periods, Lehman would borrow funds to repurchases the transferred assets. Then these assets would be change on the balance sheet again. The consideration is whether Lehmans accounting for Repo 105 violated the Generally received Accounting Principal (the GAAP). Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 140 (SFAS 140) provides the accounting guidelines on repo transactions. A company is permitted to account for these transactions as sales only if the transferor surrenders control over the assets to transferees.To account for a repo transaction as a sale, all three condition s must be met 1) the transferred assets must be disjointed from the transfer, 2) transferee has right to pledge or exchange the assets, 3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. A typical repo contract can easily meet the first two conditions. However, in regulate to take advantage of favorable accounting treatment as sales transaction, Lehman has employed some accounting maneuvers to meet the third condition.SFAS 140 (Paragraph 218) states that the transferors right to repurchase is not assured unless the repurchase worth is 102 percent or less of the cash received, or the cash received is 98 percent or more of the value of the transferred assets. The Board believes that other collateral arrangements typical fall well outside that guideline (FASB, 2000, p. 91). The repurchase price of Repo 105 is 105 percent of the cash received, which is higher than the 102 percent guideline. As a result, Lehman could argue that Repo 105 did not meet th e third condition of maintaining effective control, and then classified it as sales.Based upon the above analysis, Lehmans accounting for Repo 105 seemed to be technically in compliance with the U. S. GAAP. However, Lehmans bankruptcy examiner Anton R. Valukas (2010) provided evidence showing that Lehman intended to use Repo 105 to manipulate its 10-K and 10-Q financial reporting. Valukas argued that the mixed bag of these repo transactions should be based on its economic substance rather than its form (such as the 102 rule). Since Lehman had cook intent to buy back the transferred assets under Repo 105, these transactions are clearly secured borrowing and should not have been recorded as sales.The obvious accounting stultification is Lehmans failure of disclosing Repo 105 transaction in its low-downly and annual financial reports. Valukas (2010) report indicates that Lehmans SEC 10-K and 10-Q filing between 2000 to third quarter, 2007, on a regular basis misrepresented some re po transaction as secured borrowings despite that it actually recorded as sales. In addition, Lehman never unwrapd its involvement in Repo 105 its 10-K of 2007 and the first 10-Q of 2008 (Chang et al, 2011).In fact, Lehman has aggressively involved in Repo 105 during the end of 2007 and first two quarters of 2008, removing approximately by $38. billion in fourth quarter 2007, $49. 1 billion in first quarter 2008, and $50. 38 billion in second quarter 2008 (Valukas, 2010). It is clear that Lehmans misrepresentation and failure of disclosure of its Repo 105 practice is material enough to debase its investors, debtors, rating agencies and the public. As the auditor of Lehman Brothers, Ernst Young approved the use of Repo 105 transactions. These transactions were characterized as sales of assets and created a misleading picture of Lehmans financial position during the financial meltdown.Ernst Young said in a statement Our last audit of the company was for the fiscal year ending Nove mber 30, 2007. Our opinion indicated that Lehmans financial statements for that year were fairly presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, and we remain of that view. Ernst Young would same(p) the public to believe their responsibility for Lehmans financial statements ends with the 2007 10-K. Actually, It does not. According to the examiners report, Ernst Young had dear started planning for its year-end audit of Lehman when the firm collapsed into bankruptcy.Lehman remained an EY client until the bankruptcy in September 2008. This period include two more 10-Qs. But more or less troubling for the auditors could be allegations in the examiners report that Ernst Young did not inform the audit committee on Lehmans board about a whistleblower who had expressed concerns about the repos to them. In a March 2010 earn to its clients, EY defended its audit work for Lehman. The letter states that Lehmans bankruptcy resulted from unprecedented adverse events in the financial markets, declining asset values, and loss of market confidence that caused a collapse in its liquidity.The firm believes the bankruptcy wasnt caused by accounting or disclosure issues, as Lehmans financial statements clearly portrayed it as a leveraged entity operating in a risky and volatile industry. The most telling assertion in the ill concerning EYs alleged misrepresentation of Lehmans compliance with applicable accounting standards is that EY didnt ask the financial statements to reflect economic substance rather than just legal form. In other words, the complaint accuses EY of letting Lehman engage in transactions without business purpose in order to achieve a specific financial-statement result.The bankruptcy examiner said that the sole function of Repo 105 transactions as employed by Lehman was to reduce its publicly reported net leverage and net balance sheet. Although Lehman knew that none of its comrade companies were using the same accounting tricks to arrive the leverage numbers, it continued to rely on the use of Repo 105 substantially, at a level that is much higher than the originally defined materiality level by the management.As a consequence, it left Lehman with heavy concentrations of illiquid assets which could not be monetized to meet its current obligations (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The examiner did not find supporting evidence to bring colorable claims (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010) against Lehmans directors, however, they should have better monitored the managers.And the examiner did find sufficient evidence to support a colorable claim against certain senior officers for breaching their fiduciary duties to shareholders and other stakeholders because they failed to inform the public and shareholders about the substantial use of Repo 105 by non-disclosure of related information and by filing materially misleading periodic reports, which risked the company with potential liab ilities and they also failed to advise the Board of Directors of the Repo 105 practice (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The examiner also concluded that sufficient evidence existed that Lehmans quarter? nd Repo 105 practice was material and should have been disclosed in the financial statements.In addition, Lehman had an obligation to disclose required information relate to Repo 105 in its MDA statement. In terms of accounting malpractice, Lehmans remote auditor, Ernst Young, was also held responsible for allowing Lehmans financial reports to go unchallenged. Ernst Young well knew the practice of Repo 105 choose by the company, but failed to review the volume and timing of Repo 105 transactions, and failed to access the materiality of information omitted regarding Repo 105 transactions.Furthermore, Ernst Young failed to conduct investigations with regard to the concern about Repo 105 raised by Matthew Lee, then-Senior President of finance Division. In conclusion , corporate governance was lacking both internally and externally (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The accounting irregularity of Lehmans Repo 105 practice partly due to the deficiencies of accounting rules, however, integrity or accounting professionals as well as business ethics also play an important role in the accounting malpractice.In 2009, FASB issued SFAS 166 to amend SFAS 140. These efforts could close some loophole in accounting standards. Good corporate governance requires not only effective board and ethical top management, but also reliable accounting forcefulness and independent outside auditors, to properly perform their jobs and fulfill their responsibilities, to create the check and balance that can maintain the financial health of a company and at the same time to reduce agency cost.In case when one party went badly, the others could and should be there to detect the potential problems and to monitor and correct the mistakes. In summary, the ethica l challenges faced by EY in deciding how to address issues with a long-standing and profitable client may be faced by many public accountants. In fact, accountants in all areas of the profession a great deal face similar ethical issues of simultaneously complying with their duties for faithful service and loyalty to their employer or client while respecting their responsibilities to other stakeholders. Doing the right thing for all concerned may sometimes be an impossible assignment. counseling such as the overarching principles of honesty, fairness, objectivity, and responsibility contained in the IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice will go a long way toward helping all accountants to do the right thing. Doing the right thing is eternally the best policy in the long run.

Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics showIn a narrative format, discuss the key facts and critical issues presented in the case. Word count 158 nationwide fiscal began in 1969 and by 2000 was one of the nations largest lenders (Ferrell, 2010). In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationwide Financial offered subprime mortgage loans. Subprime mortgage loans were loans that were offered to slew who would not ordinarily be sufficient to qualify for customary loans because of Income, leave out of credit or low credit score.Because of the structure of these mortgage loans, passel found It hard to fill payments when the economy slowed down. The real commonwealth market and the economy was negatively affected by the large egress of people who were unable to make payments on their mortgages. Countrywide Financials earnings were posltlve until 2007, when the economy slowed and real estate prices dropped. In 2008, Bank of America bought Countrywide Financial.Bank of America had more assets that coul d handle the crisis, and Bank of America would be able to handle the ethical investigations involving Countrywides questionable lending practices. Reference Ferrell, O. C. (2010). Business Ethics Ethical conclusion Making and Cases, 8th Ed.. Cengage Learning What were the incentives for Countrywide to write so many subprime loans? Word count 168 Countrywide Financial benefited financially from offering subprime mortgage loans.Since the interest rate, fees and terms of subprime mortgages are typically higher than conventional loans, the lenders are able to profit from this type of loan (Moulton Bozeman, 2011). Between 1982 and 2003, Countrywide reported substantial earnings, and the offered gainful returns on stock investors. By offering mortgages and loans to borrowers who would not ordinarily qualify, the ees and interest were collected from thousands of borrowers with this type of loan.They similarly extended loan privileges to a large amount of the population who would not or dinarily be able to own homes. I feel that Countrywide Financials Incentive for offering subprime mortgage loans was for financial benefit. I accept that they should have known the effects these types of loans would have If the economy took a downturn. They were too Interested In the bread to be made and continued the practice despite the negative effects It would have on people and the country as a whole. Moulton, S. , Bozeman, B. (2011).The Pulicness of Policy Environments An Evaluation of Subprime Mortgage Lending. Journal of Public Administration Reseach Theory, 21(1), 87-115. disseminate10. 1093/jopart/muq005 Ferrell, O. C. (2010). Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases, 8th Ed. , What was Countrywides logic in thinking that originating loans for people with poor credit ratings would result in positive outcomes? Word count 182 Before the real estate crisis, the subprime mortgage industry was praised for helping people attain homeownership (Ferrell, 2010).Subprim e mortgages helped minorities and lower income people be able to tolerate to own a home. At the time, it was thought of as a positive financial tool. Since there were more people being able to attain loans to own a home, other industries benefited from the effects of the subprime mortgage practice. Contractors, the make supply industry and real estate agencies were all profiting from these lending practices. It seemed that these types of loans were helping many industries. In a speech given by Govenor Edward Gramlich in May, 2004 (www. federalreserve. v), he spoke of these lending practices and said the increased handiness of subprime mortgage credit has created new opportunities for homeownership and has allowed previously credit-constrained homeowners to borrow against the equity in their homes to meet a diversity of needs.

The Cinderella Myth Essay Example for Free

The Cinderella Myth EssayThe narration of Cinderella is encoded as a text of elderly incorrupt instruction in which a sense of cleaning ladyly agency volition al expressions by definition be bump off. In this folk tale, which is also a fairytale, womanhoodish character is positi nonp arild in wrong of what it is non non dominant, not powerful, not young-be workting(prenominal). Cinderella herself, non-hero of a dubious tale, evinces more depth than most archetypes. She is unfastened of developing relationships, meting forgiveness, manipulating her hold destiny, even of attracting magical serve. This latter suggests a divine personage, with whom ancient myth is rife, b arely in fact thither is never any indication that Cinderella is inhuman. On the contrary, her essential humanity is her salvation. These qualities on their own make Cinderella an anomaly among fairytale principals she is given no journey, no quest, no troll to anger or woo, solely permitted to sta y at home (albeit in a life of unrelieved drudgery). Although champion of three sisters, she does not best them in riddles or games of strength or chance even the fasten for which she is punished is not her own.Cinderella does not return from the society with a prize and (as I will show, I will shout) the contrary she fares home missing what she had when she set out. Cinderella does not experience any graspable growth or trans haomaation with the exception of the tangible ace directed by her magic film one(a) which is also undone. We fuck read Cinderella as a mythical character entirely because of what she room to us as women. more over that is plenteous. By virtue of what Cinderella represents to contemporary women, the character of Cinderella passed from her fairytale origins to mythical proportions. Cinderella has fly the bounds of her own taradiddle.Cinderella defines feminine kids premier(prenominal) choice for a romantic partner, the strictures of friendsh ip and obedience that girls are adroit to uphold, unconditional family delight and, not least, ideals of personal appearance and deportment. Cinderella demonstrates the potential of even the least soci eachy advantaged distaff to achieve public success, the ability of the meek to triumph over the (female) competition, the trick of appearing to be what one is not. These are historic techniques in the battle for male approval. If we stupefy impressed Cinderella into service as a myth, it is because we need to look up and forward to a figure who has successfully navigated the obstacles on the distinctly female journey.Cinderellas rags-to- liberales story inspires females to prevail against improbable odds. We do not believein myths because of some inherent truth in them, plainly because they substantiate what we most wish to be true Cinderella is a falsehood calico as possibility. What we worship in her is not what she is but what she gets by subscribing to the myth of Cinderel la, we sustain our collective female belief in wealth, beauty, and revenge. New OriginsFolktales had their origins in oral accounts, stories told by stack before the advent of writing, or before someone determined them worthy of literary transcription. Grimm Brformer(a)s Jacob and Wilhelm did not, in an airplane pilot creative act, write the tales published under their names, but went out as folklorists (before there was such a profession) into the countryside, give care anthropologists in their wilds, and listened. What they brought suffer they accordingly edited, like the unspoilt ethical binary German men they were anything that didnt suit their Christian standards exactly disappeared. I have read transcriptions and abstracts of their notes and wondered at the absence seizure of certain types of tales.Stories about children surviving on their own, or women leaving the economises who beat them, in some manner never made it to press concurrently, stories about Jews bein g robbed and hung in vertebral column trees, or torn apart by dogs bandage (mendacious) villagers laughed, stayed in. The Grimms were very careful not to let what they comprehend get in the way of what they wrote. Charles Perrault held the same view, c at a timerned lest women and otherwise children go astray. Both Perrault and the Brothers Grimm published these folktales as if they were their ownunder their own profession each(prenominal)y upstanding names, and not as anthropological records but as literary fictions.The performance of meaning for fairy tales becomes both an intratextual and an extratextual matter, one enacted by (re)writers of the tale, who rescript stories passed on to them, and by its readers, who col fag outate with the (re)writers to negotiate yet another production of textual meaning (Tatar 277). Although old wives may have originally imparted the stories we read today, the power and authority of writing sat fast in the hands of male scholars publication, moreover, was granted to the wealthy. For each fairy tale, Kindermrche, folk legend and myth with which we are now familiar, there are possibly thousands for which there is no record. Folk legend, like write up, is selective.Cinderella was as well as written (or transcribed) from oral accounts as a piece of moral instruction.A Cinderella by any other name exists in a garland of languages and cultures,1 with many culturally-revealing alterations to the basic storyline, most telling us of a poor but pretty-pretty girl who, by going to a party on the hill, wins the tutelage of a wealthy man. Look what the right(a) pair of shoes will do for you. Cinderellas story is a unmatched one.Many of us sock this tale in its modern extensions but trampnot say how we know itwhether we read it in a childs picture- phonograph recording, watched Disneys stimulate version, saw a movie with human actors unanimated by comparison, or fell in love with the ash-girl in her other forms (including in Dickens revival). Indeed, Cinderella is legion as Barbie in diversely perfect incarnations, the heroine of roughly any romance novel, rude(a) and sometimes relevant literary concepts (for instance, the Cinderella complex, the whore with a heart of gold).2 Bernard Shaws drama Pygmalion presents another instance of male bonding conducted by means of the service of a woman, in this instance one who believes that she can nevertheless win by trying, as she has started with nothing. To his credit, Shaw allows the character to shove off at the end, bearing her body forth, but to have true love and devotion this Cinderella must give up all pretenses to education. Education therefore becomes a pretense.Further transformed as the Lerner and Lowe symphonyal My Fair Lady,3 the music ends with a new-made woman who newly makes man Eliza converts her creators. The underlying message is one Mary Shelley crafted a hundred yrs earlier Frankenstein has no loyalty. that in this case the mo nster manages to marry one of the scientists. Both Pygmalion stories are commercial perversions of an ancient Greek myth that performed a service for its culture. In the original, a male artist falls in love with his own sculpture, sure as shooting an intriguing commentary on the power of art to seduce even its own creator, and a warning to gaze on verisimilitude with suspicion.This brings us to Hollywoods contemporary Pretty Woman and another Disneyized threat, The Little Mermaid (if there is a hell, hence Hans Christian Anderson is now in it). In these movies Cinderella transforms from foul and fish into a lady that only when proves how far women will go to change for their men. As Oedipus provides a model for the male (kill Daddy, bed Mommy), so Cinderella serves the female, directing us to in like manner anti- societal behaviors and antipathetic familial relations to hate and compete with other females, suffer in silence, and take ink reverberance with malesthrough the myst eries of flirtation, fashion and marital fitness.Fortunately for women, this involves only virtuous activities, easily enough acquired in the Lords Supper of girlhood duties cleaning, cooking, sewing, nurturing and displaying ourselves publicly, all the while taking up little space. Taken to its logical conclusion, woman herself at suffer disappears from view. This is true in the story of Cinderella, as we shall divulge. AbsenceLet it be known that the danseuse is not a woman dancing that, within those juxtaposed motifs, she is not a woman, but a metaphor that summarizes one of the elemental aspects of our form, sword, goblet, etc., and that she is not dancing, suggesting, by the wonder of ellipses or bounds, with a corpo real number writing, that which would dole out entire paragraphs of dialogued as well as descriptive prose to express in written composition a poem detached from all instruments of the scribe (Mallarm, Oeuvres Completes4).One of the first absences in the text occurs in adaptation of Cinderella from an earlier publication in French5 to Englishthe absence of a word. It is a simple word and a little loss that heralds an enormous and important one exchange of the French velours (velvet) for verre (glass). In the centrality of the discover conjured by its sign, this Word reads as Logos for the remaining popularized text. It is an understandable mistake given the hardships of transcribing in the work (from which Charles Perrault, at least, copied out his manuscripts), of hearing and absorbing frank orality and then transforming it to arid print.The terminological difference, however, leaves women literally walkway on glass, each step a faux pas. How does one navigate on such a fragile basis? This may be inte equalisering to women who wonder how Cinderella got through the night in those shoes. Cinderellas new shoes are in truth, unfastenedly, invisible, her feet naked to all eyes. still worse she must dance in an downhearted shoe (danci ng for the first time in public, mind you)which at any moment threatens to break, replace her barefoot, bloody, and dead helpless. How carefully she must step.A good thing the Prince has learned to dance. To comprehend the magnitude of this errorestrangement of the word and actions of our young charwomanwe are forced to retrace the steps of that perilous slipper, magicked into being with the rest of Cinderellas fancy outfit. There is no ripe comment for why the slipper remains as testimonywhy, if the shoe fits, it drops.Moments earlier, we are told, the young woman was gaily dancing in this very shoe surely it would have fallen off then, in the endless (and, as dancers know) breathlessly swift rounds of the older Austrian waltz. just after a night of aerobics indoors, the woman rushes outside and immediately loses a shoe. This mistranslation registers us towards understanding the slipper as a prominent signifier, rather than towards conceiveing some more impregnable object glass operates as a red flag, leading us to a fanciful but ultimately unnecessary correction of an exposure. Glass breaks, it is true (although in the story it does not, at least overtly). But in the French source material the shoes were velvet.Velvet, a word strongly associated with skin (more so than glass), tears. It is strong, soft, stretchy and pliable. A velvet slipper can be go forth on the road and retrieved and can still be worn in a ragged condition. Not so glass. So while glass attracts our attention, velvet rubs us better. Something velvet has been lost. And found. If the slippers loss signifies another loss, the slipper signifies another slip. It is troubling that only one item retains its shape (the shape of magic) after the ball, when everything else has returned to its poor normalcy, right down to the golden pumpkin.If everything is magical, then the slippers exclusion makes no logical sense in the story. But without the slipper as a job card, a associate of invi tation to be stepped on, the Prince may never control Cinderella in the sea of women vying for his notice. Conversely, it is not clear to me now why the Prince has to find her. The story dazzles us with finery, which we all too readily see as refinement. In the spell of the lost slipper, we overlook the more obvious intrusion of the Prince himself, and in the absence of honest cogitation conclude that he must be the one for Cinderella.(Its true he is the only one, but in modern times that is not as good a reason as it once was.) Having had no time to know Cinderella as a woman apart from her unpleasant family, we have certainly failed to meet the Prince, and know nothing of this man except that he is extraordinarily superficial, a late bloomer, and totally dependent upon his parents. In the remainder of the tale he develops as a foot fetishist. At no betoken in the story are we logically convinced that these deuce should be together, that the Prince is worthy of our vatical hero ine, or heroic himself.Cinderella is not particularly romantic, even after the finding of the slipper that initiates a seamy (wo)manhunt. Theobjective of this search is a stranger who clearly insufficiencys to hide otherwise she would have answered the call. (Her sequestration at home in a locked house is far from likely, given that a principal domestic art is emptying the char outside, and her name signifies her as that domestic.) And despite his hunting, there is no reason to believe that a prince is going to be excited to end up with a poor ragged girl with ashes on her handsnever mind the in-laws.On the face of it, what Cinderella lost at the ball is a shoe, but we do her an injustice if we look only at her instructions (particularly as she has already ignored those of her stepmother) and remissness her feelings at the moment of flight. Cinderella is now in a palace, a place of possible refuge, safe from her family. The Prince likes her. But at the striking of the clockno, the calling of the watchman or ringing of the bellsshe gets scared and runs away. Modern detectives would wording this diversely Cinderella exits the party late, leaving behind material evidence of her existence. (Without this the Prince might have thought that Cinderella was a fantasy.)She runs as fast as she can in an effort to beat time and find a way home. (If shed had a mother she would have known better than to go to a party where she doesnt know anyone anything can happen at a party.) Then Cinderella loses her velvet, and the Prince gets it. (You decide what went on at that party.) And there is another ending, suggested by what is not stated in the story Cinderella disappears from the party, last seen in the company of a prince. Passers-by report having seen a poor woman in tattered clothes, sitting in the middle of the carriage-track massaging her feet.This is the last either woman was seen. Police are now searching for this beggar whom, they believe, may have bump off a foreign princess as she left the party, believably for money. Anyone knowing the whereabouts of (but what is her name?) an anonymous princess, please striking this writer. Presentation of any story results in commission of at least two versionsthe story that is told and the one we hear. I propose a tertiary rendition, that of the story we do not hear because it is not toldnot, that is, forcefully sounded. Were we to listen to the spaces, as artists from Aaron Copland to Noah Ben Shea have reminded us, we would hear those speaking parts.The heard Cinderella is, despite its magic and fantasy, the authoritative variant the unheard Cinderella is the practical, plodding story that might bring us to furious tears rather than ecstasy. A moment ago I suggested howCinderella might seem to an outsider, one not as privy to events as she. Underlying that suggestion is another one, that the writer or teller of the well-known Cinderella is either Cinderella herself or a close companion, as ind icated by the nave credulity of the story itself.But that quality we have come to accept in the folktale genre, one which causes us to reflect upon the medieval notion of story-telling and which tells us very much about religious tradition of belief in that period. Now I wish to produce something different a case history of poor Cinderella, the pieces and bits of her life which may have been discarded by her original creator/story-tellers. Again this is an unheard story, but now it is also unspeakable. I speak as a caseworker in the Womens tribute Cinderella gave Intake the following storyHer mother died when Cinderella was perhaps five. Her father remarried a year later. Two older stepsisters were at the wedding, aged betwixt eight and twelve the stepmothers first husband died when a nearby witchs cottage burned down suspicion of arson. Almost immediately, and for the next twelve years, Cinderella was trounce regularly by her stepmother she showed us an early scar, located on t he upper left thigh, from a abscond poker. Cinderellas father fell ill probably Plague and died date uncertain. The sisters began to kick, taunt, pull her hair and feed her bugs. When Cin began her menses, she was locked in a closet for? some extended time.There seems to have been a change in the familys cash in hand at this point the last remaining servant was let go, or left, and Cin took over all chores. She was probably eleven years old when she was first sexually assaulted, by the eldest stepsister. The abuse was repeated periodically until this day. Cin believes that her stepmother does not know of this, but C- does not dare tell her. C- sneaked off to watch the Grand globe and, once in the estate and aided by strong drink says she had a bout with a stableboy she made it upstairs disguised as a maid, entered a room and borrowed a gown.She then appeared in the ballroom. The Prince danced with her, drew her into a private room, and seduced her not rape? C- wont say the word t hen returned to the party. C- fled wearing only underclothing and carrying her shoes in her hands. Outside she dropped a shoe without noticing until she got home the other shoe is in her garret. We have all received, of course, the RoyalProclamation, and know that Prince Ode is hunting for the owner of something in his possession. Cinderella came to the Shelter because she believes that he means to find her, take her away, and kill her.The case above, common enough in the lives of women, is not what we know as Cinderella but, given the circumstances of the folktale, its bizarre elements and strange silences, it could have been. In re-telling it I befool the reader to think how reading that as a child might have influenced her life, her love for housework, her attitudes towards men, and her proneness to marry early. My Cinderella ConfessionA current trend in scholarship, at least printed scholarship, is self-reflexivity. The speaker is evaluate to identify herself, admitting her b iases (as if the reader could not detect them) so as not to hide behind the form-only(prenominal)ities of academic writing. In this vein I step forward and make confession, presenting some personal limitations regarding the story of Cinderella. Despite all I know about Cinderella, regardless of all that currently annoys me in the story, I confess that as a child I did identify with Cinderella. I care animals. I liked pumpkin. I lived in a small room. When I went to parties I had a curfew and it was unreasonable. I couldnt sew, and needed help in home stintings. I went barefoot most of the time.It seems I never got dessert, possibly because I oftentimes lost things on the way home. I had to do such hard chores that I investigated child labor laws. I had two older sisters and, although they are regular sisters rather than stepsisters, they often seemed very wicked indeed. So what if they werent offensive, my feet were much smaller than theirs.(Then.) Because of them I wore hand-m e-downs. (Then.) You see how it all fits. So although I was not a beautiful golden-haired orphan (my natural color is sun-bleached brunette), kept in a dungeon or an attic (I adored my aunts basement), forced to clean ashes from the hearth (we had a wall furnace) and befriended only by mice (we had large dogs), I did think that eventually someone would come and take me away from all this. I even learned to waltz. But I didnt meet any princes. The Conventions of ClassCinderella begins with Cinderellas firsthand absence her mother. In fairytales, motherlessness indicates an absence of quality attention and thenecessity (given the staggering amount of handiwork done at home) for men to remarry. Their second wives are eer brutish, and fathers die off like flies. Female children raised by these monstrous women are lucky to be married, while still children, to ugly old men thus escaping beatings, beheadings, being poisoned, cooked, frozen, sold, or accidentally left somewhere awful. Ma le children with stepmothers tend to seek their fortunes at an early age, so as to find their own women to punish.The next absence in Cinderellas life is a father. Is it only that absent parents are common to the childhood fairytales which govern our memories and learning patterns, thus wending their way into our literary texts, or does this trope stand for more a founding absence, like the founding murder Oedipus is said to represent? The next absences we hear about in Cinderella are, in order clothes, shelter, appropriate work, friends, and opportunities to socialize (with humans). It is at this point in the story that Cinderella encounters magic, something generally absent beyond fairytales.Or does she merely recognize the magic in her life? For it seems as if the Fairy Godmother were al slipway there, available, like Glinda the goodness Witch, to drop in when you needed direction. From that point on it is apparent what else Cinderella lacks transportation, a formal dress and de cent shoes. The final absence is Time. Even her Fairy Godmother gives her very little as we find out later, just enough. After Cinderella loses the shoe in escaping (too late) from the party, she is plunged back into the animal universe she dominates, shorn of finery, trim back to essentials. She returns to the level of minimal survival. Thank goodness the Prince is already searching, his spies canvassing for little feet.Cinderella will soon be lifted up, placed on a horse or in a carriage, and transported to a world of wealth and satisfaction with a big house and a good family. (I hope I didnt fall apart the story for you.) On a basic moral level the instructions are clear as glass good triumphs over bad, beauty over its repulsive opposite. Cinderella is intimately associated with nature, as we are told several(prenominal) times through the animals which, like she, become domesticated through her beauty which, in the tradition of the esthetic experience, demonstrates its superio rity over homeliness.(Homeliness? What is homely, really, but housewifely, comfortable, and familiar and therefore contemptible?) From our perspective of identification with Cinderella (wed hardly pack to identify with ugly,nasty women) these females, older than she and more mature, are females prepared to party, women rather than girls, and not real (biologically real) sisters. partly because of the brevity of the story and paucity of detail, this suggests that they, mere step-sisters, are somehow unnatural. Beyond the natural beauty that testifies to Cinderellas (yet unrealized) status, her visor over this unconnected family is physically represented by spatial signifiers imprisonment in an attic, conveyance in a horse-drawn coach, and finally marriage into a royal family.Above all, Cinderellas most natural consecrate is magic the girls beauty and (its) charm shine brightly through mere rags. This is so apparent that it is find immediately by a princea man born into an entire ly different milieu, to wealthy and indulgent parents. The story asks us, among other things, to anticipate that such a wedding of opposites will work. In fact, fairy tale happenstance and happily-ever-afters aside it just might, and because of Cinderellas nature. The Prince, culturally her Other, is the aesthetic brother of Cinderella. The kinkiness is just beginning.We customarily avoid segmentation in reading and rewriting folklore, but Cinderella affords a remarkable discussion. Before the Prince lays eyes on her, Cinderella does not exist in the legal and economic awareness of her country. She pops into being at a party, relatively mature, decorated, and provokingly displayed. It is not a party for poor people poverty is absent from the ball. But that in itself is an squiffy notion naturally the castle is full of servants, and most are penniless one can only say that no poor people are present because poor people are below the notice of the wealthy population, invisible.Thi s fact has not changed. Cinderella gets the invitation because it goes to the house in which she lives, a place where she is kept jailed by her poverty. She seems not to have been born into the lower differentiate (otherwise she would never have been able to get through the castle gates, let alone waltz), but fell into deprivation through the death of her parents. Who can really blame the stepmother for not wanting to take care of a girl with whom she had no real relation? Biology speaks woman must protect her own offspringparticularly if the physical attractor of another female threatens their own reproductive success.The absence of Cinderellas own mother is unremarkable, superficial, unless one regards it as a fundamental absence, the one upon which the half-orphansrags-to-riches story is initially built through the fathers emotional absence, Cinderellas mother is replaced by a non blood-relation whose own issues of reproductive success create class strife and difference within the family the girl is approach with rival kin and finally a mystical figure intrudes from the other world, faintly identifiable as her mother (the magic helper styles herself a Fairy Godmother) but granting no more than material help. alteration of animals into human servants,6 and their disappearance at midnight, symbolically expresses the absence of the lower classes, which serve the upper class as if animals.When we observe how Walt Disney attempted to fill in the absences in the text with additional animal habitation, this concept becomes clearer. Disney explains Cinderellas primary absence by the increased presence of animals that evidently take the place of a mother. With the appearance of the stepmother and two daughters the animals are replaced, and abandoned as Cinderella had been. An absence of family acknowledgement is discernible in Cinderella herself who, regaining the humble form of a scullery maid, becomes unrecognizablevirtually invisibleto her own family.The mean s by which Cinderella will eventually succeed is over-determined by class she must physically impress her Prince and lord at court, and later fit his image of the perfect (small) woman at home. Still she requires a bit of magic. The story presents an array of questionable absences, none of them textually answered. Why is there a ball? Only because of the Princes failure to get a date on his own. His folks have to arrange something, to find women for him. Cinderella attends a party meant not for her but the beautiful people associated with money and fame.We privately know that Cinderella really belongs to this group therefore we suspend our disbelief at the unlikeliness of her ever getting there. At the moment of Cinderellas entry, a representative of the poor actually becomes visible to rich people. But she is not really poor, is she? The tale does not end with Cinderella speaking in the public square, peasants invited up to the castle for lunchin short with the French Revolution. (If it did, Cinderellas own head would roll.) She ascends, making aliyah the rest of the lower class remains in galut (the Diaspora).In fact, in the hands of Disney, Cinderella turns into a girl (few of Disneys female heroines are women)7 who sings as she is dressedoh, those happy peasantsin accordance with the tradition ofmusical theatre to sing instead of enjoying a useful discussion. Everything stops while we listen to the same few lines being repeated. The formula recurs in almost every Disney movie when animals, peasants and racial minorities show up its time for a numbers.8 Do children want a story interrupted with a song? As a child I hated that sort of thing. Surely we must question for whom these stories, and their cinematic adaptations, are truly meant, written, animated, shown and sold.Jacqueline Rose points to the impossibility of childrens literature as a genre ostensibly for children, but written by adults, while in the marketplace it is adults who (because of their economic position) are the true consumers. It is even the adult who reads the book (aloud) to the children. Thus it is an adults version of the childs world which is manufactured through the aegis of childrens literature. Childrens fiction, says Rose, sets up a world in which the adult comes first (author, maker, giver) and the child comes after (reader, product, receiver) (Rose 1-2). So what is it that adults want children to understand from the story of Cinderella? Female RelationshipsOne of the horrors of Cinderellas tale is the moment when she flees the castle and its famous ball. She is runnel, running, running away from the bright lights, the fun, the food, the nice guy, running to keep a date imposed by the Good Witch. This is a moment of horror not because she has to leave the party shes pretty young, high time she went home. (Anyway she wouldnt want the Prince to think she was easy.) No, it is horrible because of the Fear of Public Exposure. If there is one thing that wou ld compel me to leave a good party it would be the fear that my clothing would disappear.She runs out the door, the gate, goes down those steps, shes just off the grounds, and fairy there it goes. Fortunately she is not standing there naked, but we couldnt be sure of that beforehand. For a child to imagine being naked in public is terrible so what if only the animals can see? There is no good explanation why the Fairy Godmother add this potential punishment to the assistance she gives Cinderella, there is no point. In my mind, something is missing from the story, something vitally important. Why is she set up in this way? What we do see in Cinderella is a tale of perfidy and female treachery. The bad characters are all female.How can one speak of a female absence in Cinderella, when it would seem that almost all of thecharacters are female? But these people consist of a good but romantically blockheaded girl who prefers to accept the ill treatment of her step-family rather than to pack up the mice and leave two step-sisters, ugly mean and very ugly, who are indistinguishable from the other, except through Disneys putrid use of color an iniquity step-mother, also ugly a strange woman who shows up once in a lifetime, in two ways if you subscribe to the Disney account. (Where was she the previous sixteen years? Thanks a lot, Mother.) Female hatred. Female dampen. Female jealousy.These are all shown us repeatedly in Cinderella as is. We discover that the way to win a prince is over the ugly bodies of our competitors, who are similarly trying to cut our throats. Beauty on its own is not enough you have to be seen by the right people. You must triumph over those who would hide your beauty. You must scale them. No wonder female friendships are so problematic, when this is how we are trained to see our relationships with other women. Hatred, sabotage and jealousy are also present in earlier tellings of the story which, though present in the current Disneyized ve rsion, is absent at its end, when Cinderella rides off into the horizon and the bad family vanishes from sight and mind.In Aschenputtel, the Grimm version of Cinderella, birds round down the evil stepsisters and bite out their eyes. But in many other accounts Cinderellas goodness is almost blessed she forgives her stepsisters horrible behavior and sometimes even manages to match them up at court. This is certainly not what I would dobut I also have an opportunity to rewrite this story at the point of my retelling it. I have already reinterpreted the story for you using a metaphoric polemic on absence. In my story, what is most important about Cinderella is the shoe. Ways of SeeingThis bind concerns metaphors and ways of seeing, particularly ways of seeing what others are not looking at. The logical assumption is that a non-subject is therefore trivial, unworthy of serious study. Conversely, my reaction was and is to question why these are non-subjects, to investigate decisions ma de by others about what is likely to be important to me or to anyone else. So my work begins with a rejectionof the canon, of the politics of literature and its publication, of academic appropriateness, of the legislation of opinion.One of the ways that academics seem to operate is through the posing of binary or structural opposites. It is comforting toknow that if a thing is not this it must be that what is not acold is hot. Never mind that we are sure-footed of thinking about and experiencing an enormous range of temperatures, that heat is a relative term as is cold structural opposition (Lvi-Straussian construction) enforces binary coding, usually with the additional motivation of fixing, or affixing, moral values.Because one is already conditioned to look at things as this or that, cold or hot, the value indicators are similarly binary negative and positive. We need both, of course, and not only in our flashlights polarity is a dependent relationship. But because of this tend ency towards a tension of opposites, we end up limiting our transactions, our thinking, to bad and good. This is the outcomeif not the pointof childrens literature it conditions us to distinguish bad and good, and to make a number of other associations with these terms that which is considered good is that which beautiful, smart, nice, polite, fair or even white, obedient, tall, slim, quiet, and so forth. In fairy tales, the basis of what we now call childrens literature, a persons inner qualities are instantly discernible from external attributes.Good and bad are physiologically, physiognomically manifest the dark-skinned little crooked old woman in black with the wart on her nose is not going to be the hero. Thus a good person is also pleasant to look at and (as we know from television) has clean clothes, fresh breath, and carefully styled hair. I have gone into an extended discussion of binarisms and ethics because I invite you to suspend binary judgements, to move beyond an ev aluation of absence as the opposite of presence, and to consider absence in a different way as something presentbut not. That which is not not present is absent.When something present is not looked at, not recognized, not seen, it acquires a certain invisibilityin part, what I call absence. Absence is what is always there but overlooked, or there but unheard, or seen and heard but never mentioned. We do not immolate the story in reconsidering what it conceals. We literally publish nothing of her, nothing that in the final account does not leave her intact, virginal (he loves only that), undecipherable, impassively tacit, in a word, sheltered from the cinder that there is and that she is (Derrida 41).9 Those characteristics of Cinderella left un-addressed support this view of absence somewhere behind the story sits another story, the one we are not meant to hear. Were we to hear it we would walk away with an entirelydifferent perception of the poor beaten Cinderellaor several differ ent perceptions.10 We might be inspired to question the value of the hidden features, to wonder where issues of class, aesthetics, nature, superstition, parenting, hunger or politics fit in our founding myths, to wonder at the importance of such a myth as Cinderella in our female lives.We might be sufficiently moved to overturn the patriarchal texts, insert others in their place (Nature cream its vacuum). Not, that is, to rewrite Cinderella, but instead to find a more feasible model for contemporary female behavior. Perhaps even to acknowledge that there can be no models except those we embrace through personal experience. Absence is something more than its frail partner presencea location for the political, for what is challenging for societies and social conditions, for what must not be looked at, not seen, not noted, not touched. Not presented. Absence is dangerous. To locate absence is to chart life, history, sociology, in a specific way.The Cinderella story presents an array o f questionable absences, textually unanswered because unquestioned. This discussion does not pretend to provide closure, but rather to enjoin readers to ask questions of their own. Unlike other ways of seeing, this scheme does not limit or eliminate the text, but it does subvert it. By examining our essential stories, those we encountered at the knee, and those we thatched roof to children, we begin to see in other ways, to discover culture as a tool for moral education, sexual regulation and female containment, and to locate female absence very close to home.1I do not wish to repeat the excellent extensive historical scholarship on Cinderellas origins here. Cinderellas lengthy and interesting histories, moot in this discussion, can be found in the following brief bibliography Bruno Betelheim, The Uses of Enchantment the Meaning and splendour of Fairy Tales (New York Knopf, 1976) Alan Dundes, ed., Cinderelle A Folklore Casebook (New York Garland Pub., 1982) Walt Disney, Cinderell a Videorecording, (Burbank Walt Disney, 1949) Nai-Tung Ting, The Cinderella Cycle in China and Indo-China (Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1974). Return to the bind 2A casual review reveals these addenda Colette Dowling, The Cinderella Complex Womens Hidden Fear of Independence (New York Summit Books, 1981) Barbara Einhorn, CinderellaGoes to arrangeet Citizenship, Gender, and Womens Movements in East exchange Europe (capital of the United Kingdom Verso, 1993) Eugene Paul Nassar, The Rape of Cinderella Essays In Literary Continuity (Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1970) a curious history of something entirely otherD. C. M. (Desmond Christopher St. Martin) Platt, The Cinderella Service British Consuls Since 1825 (Hamden, Conn Archon Books, 1971)Cinderella considered as an anti-fairy tale in Robert Walser, Robert Walser Rediscovered Stories, Fairy-Tale Plays, and Critical Responses, ed. Mark Harman (Hanover, NH Published For Dartmouth College by University Press of New E ngland, 1985) Margarita Xanthakou, Cendrillon Et Les Soeurs Cannibales De La Stakhtobouta Maniote (Grece) A Lapproche Comparative De Lanthropophagie Intraparentale Imaginaire (Paris Editions De Lecole Des Hautes Etudes En Sciences Sociales, 1988).For a subversive and extensive recovery of what cinder (cendre) is (or to what cinder is reduced/reducible), see Jacques Derrida, Cinders, ed. and trans. Ned Lukacher (Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1991). Return to the denomination 3Rodgers and Hammersteins music backed a movie produced as a musical in the same year Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Cinderella Videorecording (Hollywood Samuel Goldwyn Company, 1964). Return to the article 4Mallarm, Oeuvres Completes, Pliade edition (Paris Gallimard, 1945) 3-4. Return to the article 5It would be difficult to ascertain where the fable had its first expression, as scholars trace it to Germany, France and even China a student tells me of the Hungarian version, in which the you ng woman is named Hamupipoke, and her shoes, curiously enough, are made of white diamonds. The symbolism could not be clearer.On form and structure, see also Vladimir Propp, The Morphology of the Folktale. Translated by Laurence Scott (Austin University of Texas Press, 1968). Return to the article 6This is given greater consideration in my article Travesty, Peterhood, The Flight of a Lost Girl, New England Review, forthcoming (August 1988). James M. Barrie also wrote a play named Cinderella not very surprising in view of the fairytale quality of Peter Pan and many of his other writings. Return to the article 7One of the few exceptions is Mary Poppins, who is also depicted as an aberrant, desexualized creature. For one thing, she is a woman without children of her own, who literally takes, and seduces, other peoples children. Here again is a magical woman, a witch, dressed in black, like a widow appropriately,her boyfriend is also a witch of sorts, having the luck of the chimney sweeps.Does it not seem curious to anyone that he is able to impart good fortune through physical contactand is this not somehow frightening? (As parents wouldnt you tell your children, Just say no?) Marys relationship with Bert does not stray from what we expect, even demand, of her classher boyfriend (neither is married, nor do they discuss it, at least onscreen) is also a working-class Victorian London stiff (which is to say that he is also poor), with the robust happiness we need to ascribe to poor people, as well as a tendency to copulate below stairs still we never see or are even permitted to imagine the content of their romantic holidays, interrupted by a song or some bit of magic.Because of her magic, and an understanding of what children really need that surpasses the ordinary, Mary is cleverly depicted as being able to breach the class zone here her magic characteristics are essential for an explanation of this otherwise scandalous, and (in terms of class distinctions) un comfortable flexibility. She doesnt know her placethe moral that the childrens father ends in teaching, as he rescues his children from the unsavoriness of their relationship with this queerly unmarried woman and her odd friend.Marys ability to tread between classes, however, elevates her even from Berts league we know that she will leave him too, and are secretly satisfied. He is, for one thing, truly from the lowest class, as his mangled Cockney accent tells us, while Marys impossibly perfect speech distinguishes her as something quite different (though this is never really acknowledged) Bert is also, if only figuratively, black, while Mary is, however trenchantly, white. Return to the article 8The modern movie Ace Ventura, Pet Detective contains a wonderful quotation of a thought from Disneys Snow White. Actor Jim Carrey stands in the center of a room and the animals fly, run, walk, creep and slither to him as he belts out a high note. Return to the article 9I have re-rendered the parenthetical phrase (only), which Ned Lukacher translates as thats the only thing he loves, because of its (increased) ambiguity in the context of a feminist reading. Return to the article 10In her book Cinderella on the Ball Fairytales for Feminists (Dublin Attic Press, 1991), editor Margaret Neylon offers re-readings of the classic folktales. In the Cinderella story, it is the two sisters who emerge supreme loathsomeness is a cover for intelligence and political feminism. Return to the article